# *Table of Contents*
*Handbook for Educational Terminology*
By Lalit Mohan Shukla
### *Preface*
### *How to Use This Handbook*
### *Abbreviations Used*
## *Section I: Foundations of Education*
1. *Education: Concept, Meaning & Scope*
2. *Aims and Functions of Education*
3. *Philosophical Bases of Education*
4. *Sociological Foundations of Education*
5. *Psychological Foundations of Education*
6. *Historical Perspectives on Education*
## *Section II: Educational Psychology Terminology*
7. *Learning: Theories, Principles & Processes*
8. *Motivation, Interest, and Attention*
9. *Memory, Forgetting & Retention*
10. *Intelligence, Aptitude & Creativity*
11. *Personality, Attitudes & Emotions*
12. *Developmental Stages: Cognitive, Moral & Social Growth*
## *Section III: Curriculum & Pedagogy Terminology*
13. *Curriculum: Meaning, Types & Development*
14. *Instructional Objectives & Learning Outcomes*
15. *Teaching–Learning Strategies*
16. *Pedagogical Approaches (Constructivism, Experiential Learning, etc.)*
17. *Lesson Planning & Instructional Design*
18. *Classroom Management Terminology*
## *Section IV: Educational Evaluation & Assessment*
19. *Assessment: Concepts and Types*
20. *Tests, Measurement & Evaluation*
21. *Standardized Tests & Norms*
22. *Formative, Summative & Diagnostic Evaluation*
23. *Tools and Techniques of Assessment*
24. *Rubrics, Feedback & Learning Analytics*
## *Section V: Educational Administration & Management*
25. *Educational Leadership & Management Concepts*
26. *School Organization & Governance*
27. *Planning, Supervising & Decision Making*
28. *Quality Assurance in Education*
29. *Institutional Accreditation & Standards*
30. *Financial and Human Resource Management*
## *Section VI: Inclusive Education & Special Needs Terminology*
31. *Equity, Equality & Inclusivity*
32. *Special Education & Disability Terminology*
33. *Learning Disabilities & Behavioral Disorders*
34. *Inclusive Pedagogy & Differentiated Instruction*
35. *Policy Frameworks for Inclusive Education*
## *Section VII: Educational Technology Terminology*
36. *ICT in Education*
37. *E-Learning, Online Platforms & Virtual Classrooms*
38. *Digital Pedagogy & Smart Education Tools*
39. *AI, AR, VR & Gamification in Learning*
40. *Educational Data, MOOCs & Learning Management Systems*
## *Section VIII: Research in Education Terminology*
41. *Educational Research: Concepts & Types*
42. *Research Design & Methodologies*
43. *Sampling, Hypothesis & Data Collection Tools*
44. *Statistical Terms in Education Research*
45. *Reporting, Analysis & Interpretation*
## *Section IX: Policy, Planning & Global Educational Frameworks*
46. *National Education Policy (NEP) Terminology*
47. *International Educational Frameworks (UNESCO, SDGs)*
48. *Educational Reforms & Contemporary Issues*
49. *Governance Structures in School & Higher Education*
## *Section X: Glossaries & Reference Material*
50. *Glossary of Key Education Terms (A–Z)*
51. *Glossary of Abbreviations in Education*
52. *Subject-wise Terminology Quick Reference Charts*
53. *Index of Frequently Used Educational Terms*
### *Bibliography*
### Question Bank
A
1. *Achievement Gap*:
The disparity in academic performance between groups of students, often defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and gender. This gap can be measured through standardized test scores, graduation rates, and other educational benchmarks.
2. *Active Learning*:
A teaching method that engages students in the learning process directly through activities and/or discussion in class, as opposed to passively listening to an expert. It often involves group work, problem-solving, and hands-on activities.
3. *Adaptive Learning*:
An educational method that uses technology and data to adjust the learning experience to the individual needs of each student. The system provides personalized resources and activities based on the learner's performance.
4. *Andragogy*:
The method and practice of teaching adult learners, with an emphasis on the learner's experience and the practical application of knowledge. It contrasts with pedagogy, which is focused on teaching children.
5. *Assessment*:
The process of evaluating a student's performance through various methods such as tests, quizzes, observations, and projects. Assessments can be formative (ongoing, to inform instruction) or summative (end of a period, to evaluate learning).
6. *Authentic Assessment*:
A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. This contrasts with traditional tests that may focus more on rote memorization.
7. *Autodidact*:
A self-taught person who acquires knowledge and skills through their own efforts, without formal instruction or attendance in a classroom setting. Autodidacts often utilize books, online resources, and experiential learning.
8. *Auxiliary Services*:
Support services provided by schools to help ensure all students have the opportunity to succeed. These may include health services, counseling, transportation, and meal programs.
9. *Asynchronous Learning*:
A learning environment where instruction and learning do not occur in the same place or at the same time. Examples include online courses where students can access materials and complete work on their own schedule.
10. *Accreditation*:
A process by which educational institutions or programs are evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards. Accreditation ensures that schools provide quality education and are capable of achieving their stated objectives.
B
Certainly! Here are some common educational terms starting with the letter 'B', along with their definitions.
ЁЯУЪ Educational Terms Starting with 'B'
Behaviorism: A learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (interaction with the environment). It emphasizes the role of external stimuli and reinforcement in shaping learning.
Benchmark: A specific standard or point of reference against which performance or achievement is measured. In education, benchmarks are often used to set goals and track student progress toward larger learning objectives or grade-level standards.
Blended Learning: An educational approach that combines online digital media with traditional face-to-face classroom methods. It requires the presence of both teacher and student, with some elements of student control over time, place, path, or pace.
Bloom's Taxonomy: A classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition—thinking, learning, and understanding. The original taxonomy included six main categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The revised version uses verbs: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating.
Brain-Based Learning: An instructional approach or philosophy that uses current neuroscience research about how the brain learns best to design effective teaching methods and curriculum. It focuses on concepts like emotions, movement, and repetition to enhance retention.
Bricolage: In an educational or social context, this refers to the creation of something new or original from a diverse range of available resources or materials. It emphasizes resourcefulness and creative problem-solving by using what is at hand.
Buddy System: A peer support structure where one student (or a pair of students) is teamed up with another, often a new or struggling student, to provide guidance, support, and help with integration or academics.
C
ЁЯОУ Educational Terms Starting with 'C'
Curriculum: The totality of the content, lessons, and academic standards taught in a school or specific course. It is the planned sequence of instruction and the experiences students must undergo to meet educational objectives.
Cognitive Domain: One of the three main categories (along with affective and psychomotor) in Bloom's Taxonomy that relates to mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge. It includes activities like remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating.
Collaborative Learning: An instructional approach where students work together in small groups to complete a task, solve a problem, or reach a common learning goal. It emphasizes peer interaction and shared responsibility.
Common Core State Standards (CCSS): A set of K-12 academic standards in mathematics and English language arts/literacy adopted by many US states. They detail what students should know and be able to do at the end of each grade level.
Competency-Based Education (CBE): A learning model where students advance based on their demonstrated mastery of skills and knowledge, rather than on time spent in class (seat time). The focus is on outcomes or competencies.
Comprehension: The ability to construct meaning from reading, listening, or viewing. It involves understanding and interpreting information, which is a key level in Bloom's Taxonomy.
Constructivism: A major learning theory that posits that people actively construct their own knowledge and understanding of the world through experience and reflection upon those experiences.
Critical Thinking: The process of analyzing information objectively and making a reasoned judgment. It involves evaluating sources, identifying biases, and forming logical conclusions.
### *1. Classroom Management*
The set of techniques, strategies, and practices teachers use to create an organized, productive, and respectful learning environment.
### *2. Cognitive Development*
The process by which learners acquire, organize, and use knowledge through thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and memory.
### *3. Curriculum*
A structured plan that outlines the subjects, content, learning experiences, and objectives to be taught within an educational program.
### *4. Constructivism*
An educational theory stating that learners build (construct) knowledge based on their experiences, prior understanding, and active engagement.
### *5. Competency-Based Education (CBE)*
A learning approach where progression is based on demonstrating mastery of specific skills or competencies rather than time spent in class.
### *6. Cooperative Learning*
An instructional method where students work in small groups to achieve common academic goals while supporting each other’s learning.
### *7. Critical Thinking*
The ability to analyze information objectively, evaluate arguments, and make reasoned decisions based on evidence.
### *8. Classroom Assessment*
Evaluation techniques used by teachers during instruction to measure student learning and provide immediate feedback.
### *9. Cultural Diversity*
The existence of varied cultural, ethnic, linguistic, or social backgrounds within a classroom or educational setting.
### *10. Curriculum Mapping*
A process of documenting, aligning, and organizing the content, skills, and assessments taught across grades or subjects to ensure coherence.
# *11. Cognitive Load*
The amount of mental effort required to process new information during learning.
### *12. Counselling in Education*
Professional guidance provided to help students address academic, emotional, behavioral, or career-related concerns.
### *13. Classroom Climate*
The overall atmosphere, emotional tone, and sense of belonging experienced by students within a classroom environment.
### *14. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE)*
A system of school-based assessment evaluating both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of student growth on a continuous basis.
### *15. Curriculum Transaction*
The process through which planned curriculum is delivered in the classroom through teaching-learning activities and assessments.
### *16. Child-Centered Education*
An approach where the needs, interests, abilities, and learning styles of the child guide the teaching-learning process.
### *17. Cognitive Skills*
Mental abilities such as perception, attention, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving essential for learning.
### *18. Creative Thinking*
The ability to generate new ideas, original solutions, and imaginative approaches to problems or tasks.
### *19. Classroom Observation*
A technique used to assess teaching practices and student behavior through structured or unstructured observation.
### *20. Career Education*
D
# *Educational Terms Starting With D (with Definitions)*
### *1. Diagnostic Assessment*
A type of evaluation conducted before instruction to identify students’ strengths, weaknesses, prior knowledge, and learning gaps.
### *2. Differentiated Instruction*
A teaching approach that modifies content, process, or assessment methods to meet diverse learners’ needs, abilities, and learning styles.
### *3. Digital Literacy*
The ability to locate, evaluate, create, and communicate information using digital tools, technologies, and platforms effectively and safely.
### *4. Distance Education*
A mode of learning where students and teachers are physically separated, relying on technology, online platforms, or correspondence for instruction.
### *5. Dyslexia*
A specific learning disorder characterized by difficulty with accurate or fluent word recognition, spelling, and decoding abilities.
### *6. Developmental Psychology*
A field of psychology that studies human growth and development across the lifespan, focusing on physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
### *7. Deep Learning (Education)*
A learning approach emphasizing critical thinking, understanding, and long-term retention rather than rote memorization.
### *8. Discipline (Educational Context)*
Methods and strategies used to promote self-control, appropriate behavior, and respect for rules within educational settings.
### *9. Dual Coding Theory*
A cognitive theory stating that information is better understood when presented through both verbal and visual forms.
### *10. Dropout Rate*
The percentage of students who discontinue schooling before completing the prescribed level of education.
### *11. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)*
An educational approach that considers children's age, developmental stage, and individual needs when designing learning activities.
### *12. Data-Driven Instruction (DDI)*
Teaching practices that rely on student performance data to inform planning, instruction, and interventions.
### *13. Digital Classroom*
A learning environment equipped with digital technologies such as smart boards, tablets, online tools, and multimedia resources.
### *14. Discovery Learning*
A constructivist approach where learners gain knowledge by exploring, experimenting, and discovering concepts on their own.
### *15. Disabilities Education*
Educational practices and services designed to support students with physical, cognitive, emotional, or developmental disabilities.
### *16. Developmental Delay*
A condition in which a child does not reach developmental milestones at the expected time in areas like speech, motor skills, or social behavior.
### *17. Dynamic Assessment*
An interactive assessment approach that identifies learning potential by providing prompts, feedback, and support during testing.
### *18. Didactic Teaching*
A traditional, teacher-centered method of instruction focusing on lectures, demonstrations, and direct explanation.
### *19. Democratic Education*
An approach that emphasizes participation, shared decision-making, respect for student voice, and equality in the learning environment.
### *20. Diversity in Education*
The presence and recognition of varied cultural, linguistic, social, and learning backgrounds among students in an educational setting.
# *Educational Terms Starting With E (with Definitions)*
### *1. Early Childhood Education*
The branch of education focused on learning and development of children from birth to age eight, emphasizing foundational skills and holistic growth.
### *2. Educational Psychology*
A field of study examining how people learn, including cognitive, emotional, and social processes that influence teaching and learning.
### *3. Experiential Learning*
A learning approach where students gain knowledge through direct experience, reflection, and application, rather than passive instruction.
### *4. E-Learning*
Education delivered through electronic platforms, including online courses, virtual classrooms, and digital teaching tools.
### *5. Evaluation (Education)*
The systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to determine the effectiveness of teaching, curriculum, or student learning.
---
### *6. Examination*
A formal assessment method used to measure students’ knowledge, skills, or competencies in a specific subject area.
### *7. Educational Technology (EdTech)*
The use of digital tools, software, and devices to support teaching, learning, and administrative processes in education.
### *8. Emotional Intelligence (EI)*
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one’s own emotions and the emotions of others, contributing to better learning and social interaction.
### *9. Education Policy*
A set of rules, guidelines, and principles that govern how education systems operate at institutional, national, or international levels.
### *10. Enquiry-Based Learning*
A student-centered approach where learners explore questions, investigate problems, and construct knowledge through inquiry and research.
---
### *11. Educational Leadership*
The practice of guiding, managing, and supporting educational institutions to improve learning outcomes and school efficiency.
### *12. Equity in Education*
Ensuring fairness and providing all students with the resources and opportunities they need to succeed, regardless of background or ability.
### *13. Executive Functioning*
Mental skills such as planning, organizing, decision-making, and self-regulation essential for academic success.
### *14. Extracurricular Activities*
Non-academic activities such as sports, arts, clubs, and community service that contribute to students’ overall development.
### *15. Exit Slip*
A quick formative assessment tool where students write responses at the end of a lesson to demonstrate understanding.
---
### *16. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)*
An approach that equips learners with knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to address global sustainability challenges.
### *17. Enculturation*
The process through which individuals learn and adopt the culture, values, and behaviors of their society.
### *18. Extension Education*
Non-formal educational activities aimed at sharing knowledge and skills with communities, often used in agriculture, health, and adult education.
### *19. Engagement (Student Engagement)*
The degree of attention, enthusiasm, curiosity, and involvement students show in the learning process.
### *20. Exceptional Learners*
Students who require special instructional strategies due to disabilities, giftedness, or unique learning needs
F
# *Educational Terms Starting With F (with Definitions)*
### *1. Formative Assessment*
A continuous assessment process used during instruction to monitor student learning, identify misconceptions, and provide timely feedback for improvement.
### *2. Feedback (Educational Context)*
Information given to students about their performance to help them understand their strengths, correct errors, and enhance learning outcomes.
### *3. Flipped Classroom*
An instructional model where students learn content at home via videos or readings, while classroom time is used for interactive activities and problem-solving.
### *4. Facilitation*
The process by which a teacher guides and supports learners’ thinking and participation rather than directly delivering information.
### *5. Fundamental Rights to Education*
The legal right ensuring that all children have access to free and compulsory education, as guaranteed in many national constitutions, including India.
### *6. Functional Literacy*
The ability to read, write, and use numeracy skills for everyday tasks such as understanding instructions, filling forms, or managing finances.
### *7. Formal Education*
Structured, intentional education provided in schools, colleges, and universities following a defined curriculum.
### *8. Free and Compulsory Education*
A principle ensuring that education is available at no cost to children and made mandatory for a certain age group by law.
### *9. Field Trip (Educational Tour)*
A supervised learning experience outside the classroom that helps students connect theoretical knowledge with real-world contexts.
### *10. Foundation Course*
A basic introductory course designed to provide essential skills and knowledge before students progress to advanced levels.
### *11. Facilitative Learning Environment*
A learning setting that encourages active participation, collaboration, critical thinking, and independent inquiry.
### *12. Fellowship (Academic)*
A financial grant awarded to students, scholars, or researchers to support advanced study, research, or professional development.
### *13. Fine Motor Skills*
Small muscle movements involving coordination of hands and fingers, essential for writing, drawing, and manipulating objects.
### *14. Flexibility in Learning*
A teaching approach that allows variations in learning pace, materials, strategies, and assessments to match students’ needs.
### *15. Functional Curriculum*
A curriculum designed to teach practical daily life skills to learners with special needs or developmental disabilities.
### *16. Formative Feedback Loop*
A cycle where teachers assess learning, provide feedback, adjust teaching strategies, and reassess student progress.
### *17. Future-Ready Skills*
Skills such as critical thinking, digital literacy, creativity, and collaboration that prepare students for future careers and societal challenges.
### *18. Feeder School*
An institution whose graduates typically move on to a particular higher-level school or college.
### *19. Family Engagement in Education*
Active involvement of parents and guardians in supporting and enhancing their child’s learning and school activities.
### *20. Framework (Educational Framework)*
A structured guideline that outlines goals, standards, pedagogies, and assessment methods for an educational system or course.
G
# *Educational Terms Starting With G (with Definitions)*
### *1. Growth and Development*
The progressive physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur in learners as they mature.
### *2. Guidance and Counselling*
A support service that helps students make informed decisions about academics, careers, personal issues, and social relationships.
### *3. Gifted Learners*
Students who demonstrate exceptional abilities or potential in academic, creative, or artistic domains and require enriched learning experiences.
### *4. Grading System*
A method of assessing student performance by assigning grades or marks based on established criteria or standards.
### *5. Gamification in Education*
The use of game elements—such as points, badges, and challenges—to enhance student motivation, engagement, and learning.
### *6. Global Citizenship Education (GCE)*
An educational approach that develops learners’ understanding of global issues, cultural diversity, human rights, and responsibilities as global citizens.
### *7. Goal-Setting (Educational Context)*
The process of defining specific learning targets that guide students’ efforts and help improve academic performance.
### *8. Group Work*
A collaborative learning strategy where students work in small teams to achieve a common academic goal or complete tasks.
### *9. General Education*
A broad-based curriculum designed to provide foundational knowledge and skills across diverse subjects.
### *10. Gender Sensitization*
Educational efforts aimed at reducing gender bias and promoting equality, respect, and awareness about gender-related issues.
### *11. Grade Point Average (GPA)*
A numerical measure of a student’s academic performance calculated by averaging grade points earned across courses.
### *12. Graphic Organizers*
Visual tools such as charts, diagrams, and mind maps that help students organize information, understand concepts, and improve comprehension.
### *13. Growth Mindset*
A belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, practice, and perseverance, rather than being fixed traits.
### *14. Generalization (Learning)*
The ability of students to apply learned skills or knowledge to new and varied situations beyond the initial learning context.
### *15. Graduation Rate*
The percentage of students who complete a course, program, or level of schooling within the specified time.
### *16. Guided Learning*
An instructional approach where teachers support students by providing assistance, hints, or scaffolding as they acquire new skills.
### *17. Grievance Redressal (Education)*
A formal system for addressing complaints or issues raised by students, parents, or staff within educational institutions.
### *18. Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER)*
A statistical measure showing the number of students enrolled in a level of education as a percentage of the eligible population.
### *19. Grounded Theory (Education Research)*
A research methodology that develops theories based on systematically gathered and analyzed data.
### *20. Governance in Education*
The framework of policies, structures, and processes through which educational institutions are directed, managed, and held accountable.
H
# *Educational Terms Starting With H (with Definitions)*
### *1. Holistic Education*
An approach that focuses on developing the intellectual, emotional, social, physical, artistic, and spiritual potential of learners.
### *2. Higher Education*
Post-secondary education offered by universities, colleges, and institutes, leading to degrees, diplomas, or professional qualifications.
### *3. Hybrid Learning*
A teaching model that blends face-to-face classroom instruction with online learning components to offer flexible learning experiences.
### *4. Humanistic Education*
An approach emphasizing personal growth, self-actualization, empathy, and learner autonomy, inspired by humanistic psychology.
### *5. Homework*
Assignments given to students to be completed outside the classroom to reinforce learning or practice skills.
### *6. Health Education*
Instruction that promotes awareness, knowledge, and behaviors related to health, hygiene, nutrition, and disease prevention.
### *7. Hidden Curriculum*
Unwritten, implicit lessons students learn in school—such as social norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors—beyond the formal curriculum.
### *8. Heterogeneous Grouping*
A classroom arrangement where students with varied abilities, backgrounds, or learning levels work together.
### *9. Homogeneous Grouping*
A method of organizing students of similar abilities or learning needs into the same group for instruction.
### *10. Heuristic Method*
A problem-solving approach that encourages students to discover solutions through exploration, trial and error, and inquiry.
### *11. Human Resource Development (HRD) in Education*
Processes that improve the skills, knowledge, and competencies of educators and staff for institutional growth.
### *12. High-Stakes Testing*
Examinations that carry significant consequences for students, teachers, or schools, often used for admission, promotion, or evaluation.
### *13. Hand–Eye Coordination*
The ability to use visual perception to guide physical movement, essential for writing, drawing, and practical tasks.
### *14. Heritage Education*
Learning activities that promote understanding and appreciation of cultural, historical, and natural heritage.
### *15. Homeschooling*
An alternative form of education where parents or guardians teach children at home instead of sending them to traditional schools.
### *16. Hyperactivity (Educational Context)*
A behavioral condition characterized by excessive movement, impulsivity, and difficulty maintaining attention.
### *17. Hands-On Learning*
Learning through direct physical engagement with materials, experiments, or activities, promoting experiential understanding.
### *18. Human Values Education*
Programs that teach ethical principles such as honesty, empathy, respect, cooperation, and responsibility.
### *19. Hearing Impairment*
A disability involving partial or total loss of hearing that affects communication and learning, requiring specialized support.
### *20. Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)*
Advanced cognitive processes such as analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and problem-solving that enable deep learning.
I
# *Educational Terms Starting With I (with Definitions)*
### *1. Inclusive Education*
An approach that ensures all learners, regardless of disabilities, backgrounds, or abilities, learn together in the same classroom with appropriate support.
### *2. Instructional Design*
A systematic process of planning, developing, and delivering instructional materials and learning experiences to achieve specific educational goals.
### *3. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education*
The use of digital tools, systems, and technologies—such as computers, the internet, and multimedia—to enhance teaching, learning, and administration.
### *4. Individualized Education Program (IEP)*
A customized learning plan designed for students with special needs, outlining goals, accommodations, and support services.
### *5. Inquiry-Based Learning*
A student-centered method that encourages learners to explore questions, conduct investigations, and construct knowledge through inquiry.
### *6. Instructional Strategies*
The techniques and methods used by teachers to facilitate student learning, such as cooperative learning, problem-solving, and direct instruction.
### *7. Intellectual Development*
The progression of cognitive abilities such as reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and critical thinking throughout a learner’s growth.
### *8. Internships (Educational Context)*
Structured work experiences that provide students with practical exposure and hands-on learning in professional environments.
### *9. Intervention (Academic Intervention)*
Targeted instructional support provided to students who are struggling to meet expected learning outcomes.
### *10. Illiteracy*
The inability to read and write at a basic functional level.
### *11. Instructional Materials*
Resources such as textbooks, worksheets, digital media, and visual aids used to support teaching and enhance learning.
### *12. Integrated Curriculum*
An approach that connects content across different subject areas, allowing students to see relationships and learn holistically.
### *13. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)*
A standardized score used to measure human intelligence and cognitive abilities.
### *14. In-Service Training*
Professional development programs designed to upgrade the skills and knowledge of teachers and educational staff while they are employed.
### *15. Inductive Teaching*
A method where learners derive general principles from specific examples, encouraging active thinking and discovery.
### *16. Instructional Objectives*
Specific, measurable statements that describe what learners should know or be able to do after completing a lesson or course.
### *17. Immersive Learning*
Learning experiences that use virtual reality, simulations, or interactive environments to fully engage students.
### *18. Inclusion Policy*
Guidelines and practices adopted by institutions to ensure equal access, support, and participation for all learners.
### *19. Informal Education*
Learning that occurs outside formal institutions through life experiences, conversations, community activities, and self-directed exploration.
### *20. Institutional Accreditation*
A quality assurance process by which an educational institution is evaluated and recognized for meeting established standards.
J
## ЁЯУЭ Educational Terms Starting with 'J'
* *Jigsaw:* A *cooperative learning strategy* where class material is divided among small groups of students (home groups). Each student in the home group is responsible for mastering one part of the material, then meets with students from other groups who have the same part (expert groups), and finally returns to the home group to *teach their part* to their teammates. This requires interdependence and cooperation.
* *Jargon:* The *specialized or technical language* or terminology used by a particular group, profession, or discipline. In education, this refers to terms commonly used by teachers, administrators, and researchers (e.g., scaffolding, differentiated instruction, summative assessment) that may be unfamiliar to parents or the general public.
* *Journal Writing:* The practice of students *regularly writing* in a book or digital format to record and reflect on their personal thoughts, experiences, learning, or ideas related to a specific subject. It is often used to promote *reflection* and *deepen understanding*.
* *Junior High School:* In some educational systems, this is a term used to denote the school level that falls between elementary school and senior high school, typically covering grades *7 through 9* (ages 12-15). It is often synonymous with *Middle School*.
* *Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT):* An instructional strategy, often used in higher education, where students complete *pre-class assignments* (often online) that are immediately reviewed by the instructor. The instructor then *adjusts the in-class lesson* on the same day to specifically address student difficulties or misconceptions revealed in the assignments.
* *Justify:* An *instructional verb* or key word used in assessment that requires a student to *support an argument, claim, or conclusion* with evidence, facts, and logical reasoning.
K
# *Educational Terms Starting With K (with Definitions)*
### *1. Knowledge*
Information, understanding, and skills acquired through learning, experience, or education.
### *2. Knowledge-Based Learning*
A teaching approach that emphasizes the acquisition of factual information, conceptual understanding, and subject-specific expertise.
### *3. Kinesthetic Learning*
A learning style where students learn best through physical activities, hands-on tasks, movement, and experiential engagement.
### *4. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Education*
Measurable values used to evaluate the effectiveness of educational processes, institutions, or learning outcomes.
### *5. Knowledge Construction*
The process through which learners actively build, interpret, and internalize new information based on prior knowledge and experiences.
### *6. Kindergarten Education*
The foundational stage of early childhood education for children aged approximately 4–6 years, focusing on play-based and holistic learning.
### *7. Knowledge Management in Education*
A systematic process of creating, sharing, organizing, and applying knowledge within educational institutions to improve teaching and learning.
### *8. Key Stages (Education Systems)*
Specific levels or phases of schooling used in curriculum design and assessment, commonly used in countries like the UK.
### *9. Knowledge Transfer*
The ability of learners to apply learned concepts, skills, or strategies to new and different situations.
### *10. Kinesics in Education*
The study and use of body language, gestures, and non-verbal communication in teaching and classroom interaction.
### *11. Knowledge Economy (Education Perspective)*
An economy where growth is driven by the production, distribution, and use of knowledge—making education a critical factor.
### *12. Knowledge Integration*
The ability to combine ideas from multiple disciplines to form a unified understanding or solve complex problems.
### *13. Key Concepts*
Fundamental ideas or principles that are essential for understanding a subject or topic within the curriculum.
### *14. Knowledge-Based Questions*
Questions that assess students’ recall, comprehension, and understanding of subject content, often used in exams and assessments.
### *15. Knowledge Society*
A society where education, information, and lifelong learning act as central elements for development, innovation, and participation.
### *16. KWL Chart (Know–Want to Know–Learned)*
A graphic organizer used before, during, and after a lesson to activate prior knowledge, set learning goals, and reflect on learning.
### *17. Key Competencies*
Essential skills, attitudes, and knowledge areas required for success in education, work, and life—such as communication, problem-solving, and critical thinking.
### *18. Knowledge-Based Curriculum*
A curriculum structured around core facts, ideas, and concepts intended to develop deep subject understanding.
### *19. Kinesthetic Activities*
Teaching tasks involving body movement—such as role-play, experiments, and models—designed to support kinesthetic learners.
### *20. Knowledge Profiling*
The process of mapping students’ current levels of understanding to identify strengths, gaps, and instructional needs.
L
# *Educational Terms Starting With L (with Definitions)*
### *1. Learning Styles*
The preferred ways in which individuals process and understand information, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learning.
### *2. Learning Outcomes*
Specific statements that describe what students are expected to know, understand, or be able to do after completing a lesson, course, or program.
### *3. Learner-Centered Education*
An approach where instructional methods, activities, and assessments are designed around students’ needs, interests, abilities, and learning pace.
### *4. Lifelong Learning*
The continuous, voluntary pursuit of knowledge and skills throughout a person's life for personal or professional development.
### *5. Literacy*
The ability to read, write, understand, and communicate effectively in a given language.
### *6. Learning Environment*
The physical, social, and psychological conditions in which teaching and learning take place.
### *7. Learning Disabilities*
Neurological conditions that interfere with a student’s ability to read, write, speak, understand, or perform mathematical calculations.
### *8. Lesson Plan*
A detailed guide prepared by teachers outlining learning objectives, instructional strategies, teaching materials, and assessment methods for a lesson.
### *9. Learning Management System (LMS)*
A digital platform used to deliver, track, manage, and assess online or blended learning activities.
### *10. Learning Theories*
Frameworks that explain how individuals acquire knowledge, store information, and develop skills (e.g., behaviorism, constructivism, cognitivism).
### *11. Learner Engagement*
The degree of attention, interest, and active participation students demonstrate during the learning process.
### *12. Learning Assessment*
The systematic process of evaluating students’ knowledge, skills, and competencies through various tools and strategies.
### *13. Language Acquisition*
The natural process through which individuals learn and develop language skills, especially in early childhood or during second-language learning.
### *14. Learning Resources*
Materials and tools—including books, digital content, manipulatives, and multimedia—used to support teaching and learning.
### *15. Learning Curve*
A graphical representation showing how learning improves with experience over time.
### *16. Learner Autonomy*
The ability of students to take charge of their own learning by setting goals, choosing resources, and self-assessing their progress.
### *17. Learning by Doing*
A hands-on instructional approach where students learn through direct experience and active involvement in tasks.
### *18. Language Proficiency*
The level of skill and accuracy in using a language in reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
### *19. Learning Gaps*
Differences between what students know and what they are expected to learn at a particular stage.
### *20. Learning Transfer*
The application of knowledge or skills learned in one context to new, different, or real-life situations.
M
# *Educational Terms Starting With M (with Definitions)*
### *1. Motivation (Educational Context)*
The internal or external factors that stimulate students’ interest, enthusiasm, and persistence in learning tasks.
### *2. Mastery Learning*
An instructional approach where students must achieve a predetermined level of understanding before progressing to the next topic or skill.
### *3. Mentoring*
A supportive relationship in which an experienced educator or senior student guides, advises, and assists a learner to achieve academic or personal growth.
### *4. Multicultural Education*
An educational approach that promotes understanding, respect, and appreciation of cultural diversity within the learning environment.
### *5. Metacognition*
The awareness and regulation of one’s own thinking and learning processes, including planning, monitoring, and evaluating performance.
### *6. Microteaching*
A teacher training technique where instructors practice teaching for a short duration with a small group to refine specific teaching skills.
### *7. Modular Learning*
A flexible instructional method where learning is divided into independent modules that students can complete at their own pace.
### *8. Mainstreaming (Education)*
The practice of placing students with disabilities in general education classrooms for part or all of the school day.
### *9. Multidisciplinary Learning*
An approach where multiple academic disciplines are combined to explore a topic or solve a problem, without fully integrating the subjects.
### *10. Motivation Strategies*
Techniques and activities used by educators to enhance student engagement, interest, and effort toward learning.
### *11. Moral Education*
Instruction aimed at developing students' values, ethical behavior, character, and sense of social responsibility.
### *12. Media Literacy*
The ability to understand, evaluate, create, and use information from various media platforms critically and responsibly.
### *13. Mobile Learning (M-Learning)*
Education delivered through mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets, enabling learning anytime and anywhere.
### *14. Multisensory Learning*
A teaching approach that engages more than one sense—such as sight, hearing, and touch—to enhance comprehension and retention.
### *15. Management in Education*
The process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources to achieve educational goals effectively.
### *16. Matriculation*
The formal process of enrolling or being admitted into an educational institution, especially higher education.
### *17. Measurement (Educational Measurement)*
The process of assigning numerical values to student performance or learning outcomes based on specific criteria.
### *18. Mentally Gifted/Highly Talented*
Students who demonstrate exceptional intellectual or creative abilities requiring advanced or specialized learning opportunities.
### *19. Mixed-Ability Grouping*
The practice of grouping students with varied academic skill levels to encourage peer learning and inclusive classroom experiences.
### *20. Minimum Learning Outcomes (MLOs)*
The essential set of competencies that students must achieve at each grade or subject level to ensure foundational understanding.
### *21. Motivation Cycle*
A sequence of events that includes the need, drive, and goal achievement that influences students’ learning behavior.
### *22. Mode of Instruction*
The method or delivery system through which teaching and learning occur, such as online, offline, hybrid, or blended formats.
### *23. Multiple Intelligences Theory*
Howard Gardner’s theory suggesting that intelligence consists of multiple distinct types—such as linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, and others.
### *24. Montessori Education*
A child-centered educational approach developed by Maria Montessori that emphasizes independence, sensory exploration, and self-directed learning.
### *25. Multilingual Education*
An instructional model in which students learn through more than one language, enhancing cognitive flexibility and cultural understanding.
N
# *Educational Terms Starting With N (with Definitions)*
### *1. National Curriculum Framework (NCF)*
A policy document that outlines principles, standards, and guidelines for developing school curricula, teaching practices, and assessment methods at the national level.
### *2. Non-Formal Education*
Organized learning outside the formal school system, often flexible and learner-centered, such as adult literacy programs, vocational training, and community education.
### *3. Neurodiversity*
A concept that recognizes neurological differences—such as autism, ADHD, dyslexia—as natural variations of the human brain, requiring inclusive educational approaches.
### *4. Numeracy*
The ability to use mathematical concepts and skills in everyday life, including number sense, calculation, and problem-solving.
### *5. Needs Assessment*
A systematic process to identify learning gaps, resource needs, and priorities to improve educational programs or student outcomes.
### *6. Norm-Referenced Assessment*
An evaluation method where a student’s performance is compared with that of a larger peer group or norm group.
### *7. National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)*
An organization responsible for assessing and accrediting higher education institutions based on quality parameters.
### *8. National Education Policy (NEP)*
A government policy that outlines the vision, goals, and reforms for the education system of a country.
### *9. Narrative Assessment*
A descriptive evaluation method where teachers provide written observations and reflections on a student’s progress instead of numeric grades.
### *10. Networking (Educational Context)*
Building professional connections among educators, institutions, and stakeholders to share resources, research, and best practices.
### *11. Nurturing Pedagogy*
A teaching approach focused on emotional support, encouragement, and positive reinforcement to enhance student growth.
### *12. Neuroscience in Education*
The application of brain research to understand how students learn and to improve teaching strategies.
### *13. National Achievement Survey (NAS)*
A large-scale assessment conducted to measure learning outcomes across different schooling levels and regions.
### *14. New Literacy Skills*
Modern skills such as digital literacy, media literacy, and information literacy essential for navigating contemporary society.
### *15. Naturalistic Observation*
A research method in which behaviors are observed in their natural environment without interference or manipulation.
### *16. National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)*
An autonomous institution offering flexible, open, and distance learning programs for school-level education.
### *17. Null Curriculum*
The content that is not taught in schools, often unintentionally, shaping students’ understanding through omission.
### *18. Narrative Inquiry (Education Research)*
A qualitative research method that explores educational experiences through personal stories and narratives.
### *19. Non-Cognitive Skills*
Skills related to personality, motivation, perseverance, empathy, and social behavior that influence learning but are not academic in nature.
### *20. Norms (Educational Context)*
Shared expectations, behaviors, and rules that guide conduct within classrooms, schools, or educational communities
O
# *Educational Terms Starting With O (with Definitions)*
### *1. Observation (Classroom Observation)*
A systematic process of watching, recording, and analyzing teaching practices or student behavior to improve instruction and learning outcomes.
### *2. Online Learning*
A mode of education delivered through the internet using digital tools such as virtual classrooms, videos, learning management systems, and interactive platforms.
### *3. Outcome-Based Education (OBE)*
An educational approach where the curriculum, teaching, and assessment are designed around clearly defined learning outcomes or competencies students must achieve.
### *4. Orientation Programme*
A structured program designed to introduce new students or teachers to the institution’s systems, rules, culture, and academic expectations.
### *5. Open Educational Resources (OER)*
Freely accessible teaching, learning, and research materials that can be used, adapted, and shared without financial or legal restrictions.
### *6. Open Schooling*
A flexible educational system that provides learning opportunities through distance mode, self-learning materials, and examinations without regular classroom attendance.
### *7. Operant Conditioning*
A learning theory proposed by B. F. Skinner, explaining how behavior is shaped by reinforcement (rewards) or punishment.
### *8. Organizational Climate (School Climate)*
The shared perceptions, attitudes, and values that characterize the environment and culture of an educational institution.
### *9. Oral Communication Skills*
The ability to effectively express ideas verbally, including clarity, pronunciation, fluency, confidence, and active listening.
### *10. Objective Test*
A type of assessment in which questions have fixed, clear answers such as multiple-choice, true/false, or matching items.
### *11. Open-Ended Questions*
Questions that allow students to respond freely, encouraging critical thinking, creativity, and higher-order reasoning.
### *12. Occupational Therapy (Educational Context)*
Support provided to children with developmental delays or disabilities to improve fine motor skills, sensory processing, and daily functioning essential for school readiness.
### *13. Organizational Learning*
The process through which educational institutions continually evaluate and improve their practices based on reflection, collaboration, and shared knowledge.
### *14. Online Assessment*
Tests or evaluations conducted using digital devices and internet-based platforms to measure students’ knowledge and skills.
### *15. Out-of-School Children (OOSC)*
Children who are not enrolled in school or have dropped out, often due to socio-economic, geographical, or personal factors.
### *16. Operational Definition (Research)*
A clear and measurable definition of a concept used in educational research to ensure consistency and objectivity in data collection.
### *17. Open Book Examination*
An examination format where students can consult textbooks, notes, or digital resources while answering questions.
### *18. Outreach Programmes*
Academic or community initiatives conducted by educational institutions to support, educate, or engage people outside the campus.
### *19. Organizational Behaviour (Educational Institutions)*
The study of human behavior within educational organizations focusing on motivation, leadership, teamwork, and communication.
### *20. Optional Subject*
A subject chosen by students based on interest or career goals, in addition to the core curriculum requirements.
.jpeg)
.jpeg)
No comments:
Post a Comment
thank you