Handbook For Educational Terminology
Click below to order e-book
Click Below to order Paperback Edition
Click Below to Order Hardcover
# *Table of Contents*
*Handbook for Educational Terminology*By Lalit Mohan Shukla
### *Preface*
### *How to Use This Handbook*
### *Abbreviations Used*
## *Section I: Foundations of Education*
1. *Education: Concept, Meaning & Scope*2. *Aims and Functions of Education*
3. *Philosophical Bases of Education*
4. *Sociological Foundations of Education*
5. *Psychological Foundations of Education*
6. *Historical Perspectives on Education*
## *Section II: Educational Psychology Terminology*
7. *Learning: Theories, Principles & Processes*8. *Motivation, Interest, and Attention*
9. *Memory, Forgetting & Retention*
10. *Intelligence, Aptitude & Creativity*
11. *Personality, Attitudes & Emotions*
12. *Developmental Stages: Cognitive, Moral & Social Growth*
## *Section III: Curriculum & Pedagogy Terminology*
13. *Curriculum: Meaning, Types & Development*14. *Instructional Objectives & Learning Outcomes*
15. *Teaching–Learning Strategies*
16. *Pedagogical Approaches (Constructivism, Experiential Learning, etc.)*
17. *Lesson Planning & Instructional Design*
18. *Classroom Management Terminology*
## *Section IV: Educational Evaluation & Assessment*
19. *Assessment: Concepts and Types*20. *Tests, Measurement & Evaluation*
21. *Standardized Tests & Norms*
22. *Formative, Summative & Diagnostic Evaluation*
23. *Tools and Techniques of Assessment*
24. *Rubrics, Feedback & Learning Analytics*
## *Section V: Educational Administration & Management*
25. *Educational Leadership & Management Concepts*26. *School Organization & Governance*
27. *Planning, Supervising & Decision Making*
28. *Quality Assurance in Education*
29. *Institutional Accreditation & Standards*
30. *Financial and Human Resource Management*
## *Section VI: Inclusive Education & Special Needs Terminology*
31. *Equity, Equality & Inclusivity*32. *Special Education & Disability Terminology*
33. *Learning Disabilities & Behavioral Disorders*
34. *Inclusive Pedagogy & Differentiated Instruction*
35. *Policy Frameworks for Inclusive Education*
## *Section VII: Educational Technology Terminology*
36. *ICT in Education*37. *E-Learning, Online Platforms & Virtual Classrooms*
38. *Digital Pedagogy & Smart Education Tools*
39. *AI, AR, VR & Gamification in Learning*
40. *Educational Data, MOOCs & Learning Management Systems*
## *Section VIII: Research in Education Terminology*
41. *Educational Research: Concepts & Types*42. *Research Design & Methodologies*
43. *Sampling, Hypothesis & Data Collection Tools*
44. *Statistical Terms in Education Research*
45. *Reporting, Analysis & Interpretation*
## *Section IX: Policy, Planning & Global Educational Frameworks*
46. *National Education Policy (NEP) Terminology*47. *International Educational Frameworks (UNESCO, SDGs)*
48. *Educational Reforms & Contemporary Issues*
49. *Governance Structures in School & Higher Education*
## *Section X: Glossaries & Reference Material*
50. *Glossary of Key Education Terms (A–Z)*51. *Glossary of Abbreviations in Education*
52. *Subject-wise Terminology Quick Reference Charts*
53. # **10 FAQs on Educational Terminology (With Answers)**
### *Bibliography*
### Question Bank
# *Preface*
# *How to Use This Handbook*
# *About the Author*
## *Lalit Mohan Shukla*
# *Section I: Foundations of Education*
## *1. Education: Concept, Meaning & Scope*
## *2. Aims and Functions of Education*
## *3. Philosophical Bases of Education*
## *4. Sociological Foundations of Education*
## *5. Psychological Foundations of Education*
## *6. Historical Perspectives on Education*
# *Section II: Educational Psychology Terminology*
## *7. Learning: Theories, Principles & Processes*
## *8. Motivation, Interest, and Attention*
## *9. Memory, Forgetting & Retention*
## *10. Intelligence, Aptitude & Creativity*
## *11. Personality, Attitudes & Emotions*
### *Cognitive Development*
### *Moral Development*
### *Social Development*
.jpeg)
Section III: Curriculum & Pedagogy Terminology
13. Curriculum: Meaning, Types & Development
The Curriculum is perhaps the most fundamental term in education. It refers to the planned content of instruction, educational experiences, learning objectives, and assessment methods offered to students by an educational institution. It is more than just a list of subjects; it is a holistic blueprint for teaching and learning.
Types of Curriculum
Formal (or Written) Curriculum: The official, sanctioned course of study, typically documented in syllabi, textbooks, and policy documents. It outlines the specific goals, content, methods, and evaluation procedures.
Taught Curriculum (or Operational Curriculum): The curriculum as it is actually delivered by teachers in the classroom. This may differ slightly from the Formal Curriculum due to teacher interpretation, time constraints, or student needs.
Hidden Curriculum: The unspoken or unintended lessons, values, attitudes, and behaviors that students learn from the school environment, the social structure of the classroom, and the institutional practices.
Null Curriculum: The topics, perspectives, or subjects that are deliberately or accidentally excluded from the formal curriculum. What is not taught often sends a powerful message about its perceived value.
Curriculum Development
Curriculum Development is the systematic process of designing, implementing, and evaluating the curriculum. The process is often cyclical and involves key stages:
Design/Planning: Determining the philosophical basis, aims, goals, and objectives, and selecting content.
Implementation: Putting the curriculum into practice in classrooms.
Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of the curriculum in achieving its intended outcomes.
14. Instructional Objectives & Learning Outcomes
These terms define the intended results of the teaching-learning process, but they differ in scope and focus.
Instructional Objectives
Instructional Objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) statements that describe what the teacher intends to cover or accomplish during a lesson or unit. They focus on the process of teaching and the specific content to be presented.
Example: The teacher will demonstrate how to correctly use the past perfect tense.
Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcomes (also known as Educational Outcomes) are statements that clearly describe what a student is expected to know, understand, or be able to do upon the completion of a learning process (a course, a lesson, or a program). They focus on the results from the student’s perspective and are often observable and measurable.
Example: Students will be able to construct five sentences using the past perfect tense with 90% accuracy.
Taxonomy of Objectives
A common framework for classifying objectives is Bloom’s Taxonomy. It organizes learning into a hierarchy across three domains (Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor). The Cognitive Domain is most commonly used, classifying objectives from simple recall to complex evaluation and creation.
15. Teaching–Learning Strategies
Teaching-Learning Strategies are the methods, techniques, and procedures a teacher employs to facilitate student learning. The choice of strategy is typically based on the instructional objective, the subject matter, and the learner profile.
Lecture: A formal presentation of information by the teacher to a group of students. Highly efficient for delivering large amounts of content but generally passive for students.
Discussion Method: Involves verbal interchange between the teacher and students, or among students themselves, to explore concepts, solve problems, or debate issues. Promotes critical thinking.
Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL): A student-centered approach where the learner poses questions, investigates ideas, and constructs knowledge through the process of research and discovery.
Collaborative Learning: An umbrella term for instructional methods where students work together in small groups towards a common goal (e.g., group projects, peer teaching).
Differentiated Instruction: An approach wherein teachers modify the content, process, products, and/or learning environment to meet the needs of individual students, ensuring all learners can access the curriculum.
16. Pedagogical Approaches (Constructivism, Experiential Learning, etc.)
Pedagogy is the art, science, and profession of teaching, encompassing the theories and methods applied in education. A Pedagogical Approach is a broad theoretical framework that guides instructional decisions.
Constructivism: A learning theory asserting that learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Key figures include Piaget and Vygotsky.
Social Constructivism: Emphasizes the role of cultural and social context in construction of knowledge.
Experiential Learning: A philosophy championed by David Kolb, stating that learning is "the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience." It often follows a four-stage cycle: Concrete Experience → Reflective Observation → Abstract Conceptualization → Active Experimentation.
Behaviorism: A theory that focuses on observable behaviors and suggests that learning is a change in behavior caused by external stimuli, such as rewards and punishments (conditioning).
Cognitivism: Focuses on the internal mental processes, such as memory, problem-solving, and information processing. It views the learner as an active participant in the learning process, similar to a computer processing information.
17. Lesson Planning & Instructional Design
Lesson Planning
A Lesson Plan is a teacher’s detailed guide for managing and conducting a single lesson or class period. It outlines the specific learning objectives, the materials required, the instructional procedure (activities and steps), and the assessment method.
Key components of a standard Lesson Plan include:
Anticipatory Set/Hook: An activity to engage students and connect to prior knowledge.
Direct Instruction: The explicit teaching of new concepts or skills.
Guided Practice: Students practice the new skill under the teacher's supervision.
Independent Practice: Students apply the skill on their own.
Closure: A summary of the lesson and connection to future learning.
Instructional Design
Instructional Design (ID) is the systematic process of creating engaging, effective, and efficient learning experiences. It is a macro-level process, encompassing the curriculum development but also detailed content creation.
The ADDIE Model is a common ID framework:
Analysis: Defining the learning problem, goals, and target audience.
Design: Creating learning objectives, assessment tools, and instructional strategy.
Development: Creating and gathering the actual content and materials.
Implementation: Delivering the instruction.
Evaluation: Assessing the learning and the effectiveness of the instruction.
18. Classroom Management Terminology
Classroom Management refers to the wide variety of skills and techniques teachers use to keep students organized, orderly, focused, attentive, on task, and academically productive.
Withitness: A term coined by Kounin, referring to a teacher's awareness of everything that is happening in the classroom at all times, preventing misbehavior before it escalates (having "eyes in the back of your head").
Proximity Control: A non-verbal technique where a teacher moves close to a student or group who are becoming disruptive or off-task, using their physical presence to encourage proper behavior.
Routines and Procedures: Established methods for handling recurring tasks (e.g., turning in homework, moving to small groups, sharpening a pencil). They minimize transition time and maximize instructional time.
Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS): A framework that focuses on explicitly teaching positive behaviors and reinforcing those behaviors, rather than solely punishing negative ones.
Pacing: The rate at which a teacher moves through the instructional material. Effective pacing keeps students engaged and minimizes opportunities for distraction.
Transition Time: The period between lessons or activities. Well-managed classrooms minimize transition time through clear routines.
Section IV: Educational Evaluation & Assessment
19. Assessment: Concepts and Types
Assessment is a systematic process of gathering, interpreting, and using information to determine learners’ progress toward educational goals. It acts as a bridge between teaching and learning by offering insights into what students know, understand, and can perform.
Key Concepts
-
Assessment for Learning (AfL): Conducted during instruction to guide teaching decisions and support student growth.
-
Assessment of Learning (AoL): Conducted after instruction to measure achievement and compare performance with set standards.
-
Assessment as Learning (AaL): Focuses on the learner’s active role in monitoring and regulating their own learning.
Types of Assessment
-
Based on Purpose:
-
Diagnostic: Identifies strengths, weaknesses, and learning gaps.
-
Formative: Ongoing assessment during learning.
-
Summative: Final assessment of learning outcomes.
-
-
Based on Method:
-
Qualitative: Observations, interviews, reflective journals.
-
Quantitative: Tests, scores, statistical measures.
-
-
Based on Scope:
-
Internal Assessment: Conducted by the institution.
-
External Assessment: Administered by an external body (boards, agencies).
-
-
Based on Mode:
-
Traditional: Pen-and-paper tests.
-
Alternative: Portfolios, projects, case studies.
-
20. Tests, Measurement & Evaluation
These three terms are related but distinct in the field of educational assessment.
Test
A test is a standardized instrument or procedure used to measure a sample of behavior or performance. Tests may be oral, written, or performance-based.
Measurement
Measurement is the process of assigning numerical scores or values to a learner’s performance using predefined criteria. It is quantitative, objective, and precise.
Evaluation
Evaluation is a broader process that includes measurement but adds judgment, interpretation, and decision-making. It answers the question: What is the value or worth of the learning outcome?
Relationships
-
Test → Measurement → Evaluation
-
A test generates data, measurement quantifies it, and evaluation provides meaning to it.
Functions of Evaluation
-
Determines the effectiveness of instruction
-
Improves curriculum and teaching strategies
-
Identifies learners’ progress and learning difficulties
-
Guides guidance and counseling services
21. Standardized Tests & Norms
Standardized Tests
A standardized test is administered, scored, and interpreted according to uniform procedures. Such tests ensure reliability and comparability of results across populations.
Characteristics:
-
Uniform test conditions
-
Expert-designed content
-
Norm-referenced interpretation
-
High reliability and validity
-
Objective scoring methods
Examples: IQ tests, SAT, GRE, national achievement surveys.
Norms
Norms are statistical standards derived from the performance of a representative sample. They provide a basis for comparing an individual’s score with that of peers.
Types of Norms
-
Age norms: Based on average scores of specific age groups.
-
Grade norms: Based on expected performance levels by class/grade.
-
Percentile norms: Show the relative position of a score within a distribution.
-
Stanine norms: Scores divided into nine broad categories.
-
Standard scores: Transformed scores (e.g., z-scores, T-scores).
22. Formative, Summative & Diagnostic Evaluation
Formative Evaluation
-
Conducted during instruction
-
Aims to improve learning processes
-
Involves feedback loops, quizzes, class interactions
-
Helps teachers adjust strategies immediately
Summative Evaluation
-
Conducted at the end of an instructional period
-
Measures mastery of learning outcomes
-
Includes final examinations, term-end tests, final projects
-
Used for grading, certification, promotion
Diagnostic Evaluation
-
Conducted before or at the early stage of instruction
-
Identifies learning difficulties, misconceptions, prerequisites
-
Helps formulate individualized teaching and remedial programs
Differences
| Type | Timing | Purpose | Tools |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formative | During learning | Improvement | Observation, quizzes, exit cards |
| Summative | End of learning | Certification | Exams, final projects |
| Diagnostic | Before learning | Identify gaps | Diagnostic tests, interviews |
23. Tools and Techniques of Assessment
Assessment in education employs a variety of tools and techniques to capture diverse aspects of student learning.
Testing Tools
-
Written Tests: Objective (MCQ, true/false) and subjective (essay, short answer)
-
Oral Tests: Viva voce, presentations
-
Performance Tests: Experiments, practical exams, simulations
Non-Testing Tools
-
Observation: Checklist, anecdotal records, rating scales
-
Interview: Structured or unstructured
-
Portfolio Assessment: Collection of student work showing growth
-
Project Work: Problem-solving, inquiry-based tasks
-
Self and Peer Assessment: Develops metacognition and self-regulation
Techniques
-
Checklist Technique
-
Rating Scales
-
Sociometric Techniques (to study classroom social relationships)
-
Case Study Method
-
Cumulative Records
24. Rubrics, Feedback & Learning Analytics
Rubrics
A rubric is a scoring guide that outlines criteria and performance levels for evaluating student work.
Components:
-
Criteria (e.g., clarity, accuracy, creativity)
-
Performance descriptors (excellent to poor)
-
Scoring scale
Benefits:
-
Ensures transparency and fairness
-
Reduces subjectivity
-
Enhances student understanding of expectations
Feedback
Feedback is specific, actionable information provided to learners to guide improvement.
Types:
-
Immediate vs. Delayed
-
Verbal, written, or digital
-
Descriptive vs. evaluative
Qualities of Effective Feedback:
-
Timely
-
Specific
-
Growth-oriented
-
Balanced (strengths + improvement areas)
Learning Analytics
Learning analytics involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data about learners' interactions in digital environments.
Uses:
-
Identifying learning patterns
-
Predicting performance and at-risk learners
-
Personalizing instruction
-
Enhancing institutional decision-making
Sources of Data:
-
LMS activity logs
-
Assessment scores
-
Engagement metrics
-
AI-powered adaptive learning platforms
# *Section V: Educational Administration & Management*
# *Section VI: Inclusive Education & Special Needs Terminology*
# *Section VII: Educational Technology Terminology*
# *Section VIII: Research in Education Terminology*
# *Section IX: Policy, Planning & Global Educational Frameworks*
## *Section X: Glossaries & Reference Material*
50. *Glossary of Key Education Terms (A–Z)*
A
B
Certainly! Here are some common educational terms starting with the letter 'B', along with their definitions.
📚 Educational Terms Starting with 'B'
Behaviorism: A learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (interaction with the environment). It emphasizes the role of external stimuli and reinforcement in shaping learning.
Benchmark: A specific standard or point of reference against which performance or achievement is measured. In education, benchmarks are often used to set goals and track student progress toward larger learning objectives or grade-level standards.
Blended Learning: An educational approach that combines online digital media with traditional face-to-face classroom methods. It requires the presence of both teacher and student, with some elements of student control over time, place, path, or pace.
Bloom's Taxonomy: A classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition—thinking, learning, and understanding. The original taxonomy included six main categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The revised version uses verbs: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating.
Brain-Based Learning: An instructional approach or philosophy that uses current neuroscience research about how the brain learns best to design effective teaching methods and curriculum. It focuses on concepts like emotions, movement, and repetition to enhance retention.
Bricolage: In an educational or social context, this refers to the creation of something new or original from a diverse range of available resources or materials. It emphasizes resourcefulness and creative problem-solving by using what is at hand.
Buddy System: A peer support structure where one student (or a pair of students) is teamed up with another, often a new or struggling student, to provide guidance, support, and help with integration or academics.
C
🎓 Educational Terms Starting with 'C'
Curriculum: The totality of the content, lessons, and academic standards taught in a school or specific course. It is the planned sequence of instruction and the experiences students must undergo to meet educational objectives.
Cognitive Domain: One of the three main categories (along with affective and psychomotor) in Bloom's Taxonomy that relates to mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge. It includes activities like remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating.
Collaborative Learning: An instructional approach where students work together in small groups to complete a task, solve a problem, or reach a common learning goal. It emphasizes peer interaction and shared responsibility.
Common Core State Standards (CCSS): A set of K-12 academic standards in mathematics and English language arts/literacy adopted by many US states. They detail what students should know and be able to do at the end of each grade level.
Competency-Based Education (CBE): A learning model where students advance based on their demonstrated mastery of skills and knowledge, rather than on time spent in class (seat time). The focus is on outcomes or competencies.
Comprehension: The ability to construct meaning from reading, listening, or viewing. It involves understanding and interpreting information, which is a key level in Bloom's Taxonomy.
Constructivism: A major learning theory that posits that people actively construct their own knowledge and understanding of the world through experience and reflection upon those experiences.
Critical Thinking: The process of analyzing information objectively and making a reasoned judgment. It involves evaluating sources, identifying biases, and forming logical conclusions.
D
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
# *Educational Terms Starting from R (With Definitions)*
Here are Educational Terms Starting from S with clear and precise definitions, ideal for your books, glossaries, teaching material, and academic writing.
S
Educational Terms Starting from S (With Definitions)
1. Scaffolding
A teaching method where educators provide temporary support to help students learn new concepts until they can perform independently.
2. Schema
A mental framework or structure that helps learners organize, interpret, and understand information.
3. Self-Assessment
The process in which learners evaluate their own work, strengths, and areas for improvement.
4. Standardized Test
An assessment administered and scored in a consistent manner to compare performance across individuals or groups.
5. Student-Centered Learning
An approach that focuses on the needs, interests, and abilities of learners rather than on teacher-led instruction.
6. Summative Assessment
Evaluation conducted at the end of a learning period to measure overall learning outcomes and achievement.
7. Synchronous Learning
Learning that occurs in real-time, such as live online classes or face-to-face classroom teaching.
8. Seminar
A discussion-based learning session where students interact, reflect, and analyze a specific topic under guidance.
9. Simulation
A learning method that uses models or virtual environments to replicate real-world situations for practice.
10. Skill-Based Learning
Instruction designed to develop specific practical abilities such as communication, problem-solving, or technical skills.
11. Special Education
Customized and specialized instructional support designed for students with disabilities or special learning needs.
12. Socratic Method
A teaching approach that uses questioning to stimulate critical thinking and draw out ideas.
13. Student Engagement
The level of attention, interest, and enthusiasm students show in the learning process.
14. Spiral Curriculum
A curriculum design where key concepts are revisited repeatedly at increasing levels of difficulty.
15. Study Skills
Strategies and techniques that help students learn effectively, such as note-taking, time management, and summarizing.
16. STEM Education
An interdisciplinary approach focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics to develop innovation and problem-solving.
17. Strategic Learning
A method where learners use purposeful strategies to plan, monitor, and evaluate their learning process.
18. Student Portfolio
A collection of a student's work that demonstrates progress, skills, and achievements over time.
19. Social Learning Theory
A theory suggesting that people learn through observing others, imitating behaviors, and modeling actions.
20. Self-Directed Learning
A process in which learners take initiative in planning, managing, and evaluating their own learning activities.
T
U
# *Educational Terms Starting from U (With Definitions)*
V
W
X
Y
Z
# *51. Glossary of Abbreviations in Education*
## *A. General Educational Abbreviations*
## *B. Teaching, Learning & Pedagogy Abbreviations*
## *C. Curriculum, Instruction & Assessment Abbreviations*
## *D. Evaluation, Measurement & Quality Assurance Abbreviations*
## *E. Governance, Education Bodies & Policy Abbreviations*
## *F. Global Educational Abbreviations*
## *G. Higher Education, Research & Academic Abbreviations*
## *H. Educational Technology & Digital Abbreviations*
## *J. School Administration & Management Abbreviations*
52. Subject-wise Terminology Quick Reference Charts
Subject-wise terminology forms the backbone of classroom learning, academic communication, curriculum design, and instructional clarity. Each subject—whether languages, sciences, social sciences, mathematics, or vocational fields—carries its own specialized vocabulary. For teachers, learners, and education professionals, having a ready reference to core terms enhances conceptual understanding, standardizes classroom communication, and supports effective teaching–learning processes.
This chapter presents quick reference charts for major school and higher education subjects. These concise charts allow rapid revision, support curriculum planning, and help teachers explain concepts with accuracy and precision.
A. English Language & Literature
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Phonetics | Study of sounds in a language. |
| Morpheme | Smallest meaningful unit of language. |
| Syntax | Arrangement of words in sentences. |
| Semantics | Study of meaning in language. |
| Prose | Written or spoken language in its ordinary form. |
| Stanza | Group of lines forming a verse in poetry. |
| Alliteration | Repetition of initial consonant sounds. |
| Metaphor | Comparison without using “like” or “as.” |
B. Mathematics
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Integer | Whole number (positive, negative, or zero). |
| Factor | Number that divides another without remainder. |
| Equation | Statement showing equality between two expressions. |
| Polynomial | Expression with variables and coefficients. |
| Derivative | Rate of change of a function. |
| Integral | Area under a curve; antiderivative. |
| Probability | Likelihood of an event occurring. |
| Matrix | Rectangular array of numbers. |
C. Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
1. Physics
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Force | Push or pull causing motion. |
| Velocity | Speed with direction. |
| Energy | Ability to do work. |
| Circuit | Closed loop allowing electric flow. |
| Frequency | Number of cycles per second. |
2. Chemistry
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Atom | Smallest unit of an element. |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together. |
| Catalyst | Substance speeding up reaction without change. |
| pH | Measure of acidity or alkalinity. |
| Ionic Bond | Bond formed by transfer of electrons. |
3. Biology
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Cell | Basic unit of life. |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells performing a function. |
| DNA | Genetic material of organisms. |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which plants make food. |
| Ecosystem | Interaction of living and non-living components. |
D. Social Sciences (History, Geography, Civics, Economics)
1. History
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Chronology | Sequence of events over time. |
| Civilization | Complex society with culture and technology. |
| Archaeology | Study of past through material remains. |
| Primary Source | First-hand historical evidence. |
2. Geography
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Latitude | Distance north or south of the Equator. |
| Longitude | Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. |
| Biosphere | Regions supporting life on Earth. |
| Erosion | Wearing away of land by natural forces. |
3. Civics
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Democracy | Government by the people. |
| Constitution | Fundamental law of a nation. |
| Rights | Entitlements of citizens. |
| Legislature | Law-making body. |
4. Economics
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| GDP | Total value of goods and services produced. |
| Inflation | Rise in general price levels. |
| Demand | Consumer willingness to buy goods. |
| Market | System of buying and selling. |
E. Computer Science & ICT
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Algorithm | Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. |
| Database | Structured collection of data. |
| Cloud Computing | Internet-based computing services. |
| AI | Machine ability to simulate intelligence. |
| Binary | Base-2 number system using 0 and 1. |
| Cybersecurity | Protection of systems from digital attacks. |
F. Commerce & Business Studies
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Assets | Resources owned by a business. |
| Liabilities | Financial obligations. |
| Equity | Owner’s share in business. |
| Budgeting | Planning income and expenditure. |
| Marketing | Promoting and selling products. |
| Entrepreneurship | Process of starting a business. |
G. Environmental Studies (EVS)
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Sustainability | Meeting present needs without harming future. |
| Biodiversity | Variety of life on Earth. |
| Pollution | Contamination of environment. |
| Conservation | Protection of natural resources. |
| Climate Change | Long-term shifts in weather patterns. |
H. Physical Education & Sports
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Endurance | Ability to sustain physical activity. |
| Agility | Ability to move quickly and easily. |
| Aerobic Exercise | Activity using oxygen for energy. |
| Reflex | Automatic body response. |
| Coordination | Harmonious movement of body parts. |
I. Art, Music & Performing Arts
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Perspective | Technique to depict depth in drawing. |
| Palette | Range of colors used by an artist. |
| Tempo | Speed of a musical composition. |
| Rhythm | Pattern of sounds in music. |
| Choreography | Art of designing dance movements. |
J. Vocational & Skill-based Subjects
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Apprenticeship | Hands-on training under expert supervision. |
| Competency | Demonstrated skill and knowledge. |
| Internship | Practical work experience. |
| Entrepreneur Skill | Ability to identify and pursue opportunities. |
| Technical Skills | Job-specific skills requiring expertise. |
Conclusion
Subject-wise terminology charts act as rapid learning tools that strengthen foundational understanding in every major disciplinary area. They support effective lesson planning, improve student comprehension, and serve as a quick guide for educators preparing notes, assessments, and classroom explanations. These charts also help standardize academic language across classes and curricula, making teaching clearer and learning more meaningful.
# *10 FAQs on Educational Terminology (With Answers)*
### *1. What is educational terminology and why is it important?*
Educational terminology refers to the collection of terms, concepts, and vocabulary used in the field of education, including teaching methods, assessment tools, learning theories, curriculum frameworks, and institutional structures. Understanding educational terminology is essential because it helps teachers communicate effectively, students understand academic processes, and education professionals interpret policies, reforms, and evaluation methods accurately. Clear knowledge of terminology also enhances academic writing, improves classroom communication, and plays a crucial role in competitive exam success.
### *2. What are the most commonly used terms in education today?*
Some of the most commonly used terms in modern education include learning outcomes, formative assessment, summative evaluation, inclusive education, competency-based learning, ICT (Information and Communication Technology), curriculum framework, Bloom’s Taxonomy, child-centered pedagogy, and 21st-century skills. These terms reflect the current focus on student-centric learning, digital integration, measurable outcomes, and holistic development. Knowing these terms helps educators adapt to evolving teaching–learning practices.
### *3. What is the difference between assessment, evaluation, and measurement?*
Measurement involves assigning numerical values to a learner’s performance, typically through scores or marks. Assessment is a broader process that collects information about learning through tests, observations, assignments, or activities. Evaluation goes a step further by interpreting this information to make judgments about achievement, curriculum effectiveness, or instructional success. Together, these three concepts form the backbone of educational decision-making and classroom improvement.
### *4. What does formative and summative assessment mean in education?*
Formative assessment refers to ongoing checks conducted during the learning process to monitor progress, identify learning gaps, and provide immediate feedback to students. Examples include quizzes, observations, and class discussions. Summative assessment, on the other hand, is conducted at the end of a learning period—such as a unit, term, or course—to evaluate how much learners have achieved against predefined objectives. Both are essential for effective teaching and comprehensive student evaluation.
### *5. What is Bloom’s Taxonomy and how is it used in teaching?*
Bloom’s Taxonomy is a hierarchical framework that classifies cognitive skills into levels such as Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating. Teachers use Bloom’s Taxonomy to design learning outcomes, plan lessons, create assessments, and develop activities that promote higher-order thinking. By moving from basic knowledge to advanced critical thinking, educators ensure students achieve meaningful and deep learning.
### *6. What does child-centered education mean?*
Child-centered education is an approach that prioritizes the needs, interests, experiences, and abilities of learners. Instead of rote learning or teacher-dominated instruction, this approach encourages active participation, exploration, creativity, and personalized learning pathways. Activities are designed to be engaging and meaningful so that students become independent thinkers and problem-solvers. Child-centered education is widely promoted in modern pedagogy because it enhances motivation and lifelong learning.
### *7. What is inclusive education and why is it important?*
Inclusive education ensures that all learners—regardless of disability, background, gender, or socio-economic status—have equal opportunities to learn in regular classroom settings. It emphasizes removing barriers, providing support (such as resource rooms and special educators), and creating flexible curricula that benefit all students. Inclusive education is important because it promotes equality, social integration, empathy, and fairness, while giving every child the opportunity to reach their full potential.
### *8. What is the meaning of ICT in education?*
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology, which includes digital tools such as computers, projectors, educational software, online platforms, and e-learning resources used in the teaching–learning process. ICT enhances classroom engagement, supports blended learning, improves access to information, and allows teachers to create interactive and multimedia-rich lessons. In today’s digital age, ICT literacy is essential for both educators and learners.
### *9. Why is terminology important for teacher training and competitive exams?*
Teacher training programs such as B.Ed., M.Ed., CTET, TET, and NET frequently test candidates’ understanding of educational terminology. A strong command of terms helps educators explain concepts clearly, prepare better lesson plans, and interpret pedagogical theories correctly. For competitive exams, accurate knowledge of terminology improves performance in MCQs, teaching aptitude sections, and descriptive answers. It also boosts professional confidence and effectiveness in real-life teaching.
### *10. How can students and teachers learn educational terminology effectively?*
Students and teachers can learn educational terminology effectively by using structured reference materials such as handbooks, glossaries, and academic notes. Regular reading, participation in teacher training programs, solving previous exam papers, and revising key terms through flashcards or mind maps can significantly improve retention. Discussing terminology with peers, applying terms in lesson planning, and staying updated with educational policies and classroom practices also help in mastering the vocabulary.
# *### Bibliography*
The Bibliography presented in this handbook provides a comprehensive list of authoritative sources, reference works, research publications, and institutional documents that contribute to the understanding of educational terminology. These works have been consulted to ensure accuracy, clarity, and depth in defining the terms that shape modern educational discourse. The references span foundational theories, contemporary research, national and international educational frameworks, and globally recognised academic texts. Together, they serve as an invaluable resource for educators, scholars, researchers, students, and policy practitioners.### *Books & Academic Texts*
1. *Aggarwal, J. C.* Essentials of Educational Technology. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. 2. *Best, John W., & Kahn, James V.* Research in Education. Pearson Education. 3. *Bloom, Benjamin S.* Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman. 4. *Koul, Lokesh.* Methodology of Educational Research. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. 5. *Mangal, S. K.* Advanced Educational Psychology. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. 6. *Taneja, V. R.* Educational Thought and Practice. Sterling Publishers. 7. *Travers, R. M. W.* An Introduction to Educational Research. Macmillan. 8. *Tyler, Ralph W.* Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. University of Chicago Press. 9. *Yelon, Stephen L., Weinstein, Gail, & Weener, Paul.* Teaching: A Guide to Better Instruction. Harper & Row.### *Journals & Research Papers*
1. American Educational Research Journal (AERJ). 2. Educational Research Review. 3. Journal of Educational Measurement. 4. Review of Educational Research. 5. International Journal of Educational Development. 6. Harvard Educational Review. 7. Journal of Curriculum Studies. ### *Reports, Policies & Frameworks* 1. *Government of India.* National Policy on Education (1986, 1992) & National Education Policy (2020). Ministry of Education. 2. *UNESCO.* Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action. 3. *UNICEF.* Child-Friendly Schools Framework. 4. *OECD.* Education at a Glance. 5. *World Bank.* Learning for All: Education Strategy 2020.### *Dictionaries & Encyclopedias*
1. Oxford Dictionary of Education. Oxford University Press. 2. The Cambridge Dictionary of Education. Cambridge University Press. 3. Encyclopedia of Education. Macmillan Reference. 4. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation.### *Online Educational Resources*
1. UNESCO Institute for Statistics – Global Education Indicators. 2. OECD Education Data Portal. 3. ERIC – Education Resources Information Center. 4. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) official publications. 5. University Grants Commission (UGC) – Academic and policy documents.### *Purpose of This Bibliography*
The sources listed herein have shaped the conceptual foundation of the Handbook for Educational Terminology. They represent both time-tested scholarship and contemporary perspectives in global education, offering the reader a credible base for further exploration. This Bibliography should be used not only as a reference guide but also as a pathway toward deeper academic reading, research, and professional development.#Question Bank
### *Category 1: Special Education & Rights (IEP, 504, IDEA)*
These are consistently the highest-volume searches due to parents navigating legal rights.
1. What is the difference between an IEP and a 504 plan?
2. What does FAPE stand for in special education?
3. How do I request an IEP evaluation for my child?
4. What qualifies a student for a 504 plan?
5. What is the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)?
6. What are the 13 disability categories under IDEA?
7. What is a BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan)?
8. How long does a school have to evaluate a child for special education?
9. Can a school deny an IEP request?
10. What is the difference between an accommodation and a modification?
11. What is the role of a parent in an IEP meeting?
12. What does "Manifestation Determination" mean?
13. What is RTI (Response to Intervention)?
14. What is MTSS (Multi-Tiered System of Supports)?
15. How often must an IEP be reviewed?
16. What is the difference between mainstreaming and inclusion?
17. What are "Related Services" in an IEP?
18. What is a "Prior Written Notice" in special education?
19. Does a 504 plan transfer to college?
20. What is Dyslexia intervention?
### *Category 2: Assessments & Testing*
Teachers and students search these to understand grading and standardized testing.
21. What is the difference between formative and summative assessment?
22. What are examples of formative assessments?
23. What is a norm-referenced test vs. a criterion-referenced test?
24. What is a high-stakes test?
25. How do you create a valid rubric?
26. What is a diagnostic assessment?
27. What is the difference between assessment and evaluation?
28. What are standardized test percentiles?
29. What is an ipsative assessment?
30. What is a benchmark assessment?
31. What is the "ceiling effect" in testing?
32. How do you measure student growth vs. achievement?
33. What is a holistic rubric vs. an analytic rubric?
34. What is the purpose of the SAT vs. the ACT?
35. What is a "cut score" in education?
36. What is computer-adaptive testing (CAT)?
37. What is performance-based assessment?
38. What is the validity vs. reliability of a test?
39. What are "exit tickets" in the classroom?
40. How to use data-driven instruction?
### *Category 3: Pedagogy & Instructional Strategies*
Searched by new teachers and admin looking for teaching methods.
41. What is Differentiated Instruction?
42. What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
43. What is Scaffolding in education?
44. What is Project-Based Learning (PBL)?
45. What is the Flipped Classroom model?
46. What is Inquiry-Based Learning?
47. What is Direct Instruction?
48. What is the difference between Pedagogy and Andragogy?
49. What is Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
50. What is Bloom’s Taxonomy?
51. What are the levels of Bloom's Taxonomy?
52. What is Constructivism in the classroom?
53. What is the Socratic Method of teaching?
54. What is Culturally Responsive Teaching?
55. What is Social-Emotional Learning (SEL)?
56. What is Gamification in education?
57. What is the Montessori method?
58. What is the Reggio Emilia approach?
59. What is Waldorf education?
60. What is a "spiral curriculum"?
### *Category 4: Educational Technology (EdTech)*
High growth area in search, specifically regarding tools and AI.
61. What is an LMS (Learning Management System)?
62. What is the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous learning?
63. What is Blended Learning?
64. How to use AI in the classroom?
65. What is a 1:1 classroom (One-to-One)?
66. What is BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy?
67. What is the Digital Divide in education?
68. What is OER (Open Educational Resources)?
69. What is SCORM compliance?
70. What is Adaptive Learning technology?
71. What is distance learning vs. online learning?
72. What are the ISTE Standards?
73. What is a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course)?
74. How to prevent plagiarism with ChatGPT?
75. What is Assistive Technology in the classroom?
76. What is Virtual Reality (VR) in education?
77. What is the SAMR model?
78. What is TPACK framework?
79. What is Digital Citizenship?
80. What is a Makerspace?
### *Category 5: Degrees, Certifications & Admin*
Searched by career-focused educators.
81. What is the difference between an Ed.D and a Ph.D in Education?
82. What is National Board Certification for teachers?
83. How to become a Superintendent?
84. What is a Title I school?
85. What is tenure for teachers?
86. What is Reciprocity in teaching licenses?
87. What is Alternative Certification for teachers?
88. What is a Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) vs. M.Ed?
89. What is Teach For America?
90. What are CEUs (Continuing Education Units)?
91. What is the salary difference between a Bachelor's and Master's in education?
92. What is an Instructional Designer?
93. What is a Paraprofessional?
94. What is a Special Education Coordinator?
95. What is Education Administration?
96. How to renew a teaching certificate?
97. What is the Praxis exam?
98. What is a "highly qualified teacher" under NCLB/ESSA?
99. What is edTPA?
100. What is the role of a Dean of Students?
### *Category 6: Language & Literacy*
101. What is the difference between ELL, ESL, and ESOL?
102. What is the Science of Reading?
103. What is Phonemic Awareness vs. Phonics?
104. What is Whole Language instruction?
105. What is WIDA testing?
106. What is a dual-language immersion program?
107. What is Code-Switching?
108. What is BICS vs. CALP?
109. What is a Lexile measure?
110. What is Guided Reading?
111. What is Dysgraphia?
112. What is Orthographic Mapping?
113. What are "sight words"?
114. What is literacy across the curriculum?
115. What is a Running Record?
### *Category 7: Higher Education Terms*
116. What is the difference between a major and a minor?
117. What is a land-grant university?
118. What is the Common App?
119. What is FAFSA?
120. What is the difference between subsidized and unsubsidized loans?
121. What is a liberal arts college?
122. What is a syllabus?
123. What is academic probation?
124. What is a transcript?
125. What is accreditation?
126. What is an adjunct professor?
127. What is the difference between a college and a university?
128. What is a Provost?
129. What is the difference between undergraduate and graduate?
130. What is Work-Study?
### *Category 8: Psychology & Behavior*
131. What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in education?
132. What is a Growth Mindset vs. Fixed Mindset?
133. What is Metacognition?
134. What is Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
135. What is Classical vs. Operant Conditioning in the classroom?
136. What is Executive Functioning disorder?
137. What is Cognitive Load Theory?
138. What is Learned Helplessness?
139. What is Emotional Intelligence (EQ) in schools?
140. What is Trauma-Informed Teaching?
### *Category 9: Curriculum & Standards*
141. What is the Common Core State Standards (CCSS)?
142. What is STEM vs. STEAM?
143. What is Understanding by Design (UbD)?
144. What is Backward Design?
145. What is a Scope and Sequence?
146. What is Hidden Curriculum?
147. What is Vertical Alignment vs. Horizontal Alignment?
148. What is IB (International Baccalaureate)?
149. What is AP (Advanced Placement)?
150. What is Dual Enrollment?
### *Category 10: Policy & Acronyms*
151. What is FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act)?
152. What is ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act)?
153. What was No Child Left Behind (NCLB)?
154. What is Title IX?
155. What is Head Start?
156. What is a Charter School vs. Public School?
157. What is a Magnet School?
158. What is School Choice?
159. What is a Voucher program?
160. What is Collective Bargaining in education?
### *The "Long Tail" Generator: Reaching 1,000+ Questions*
Google searches for educational terminology follow specific patterns. You can generate the remaining 800 questions by applying these 4 templates to the terms listed above.
#### *Template A: Comparison Questions (The "Vs." Queries)*
Users often understand a term by comparing it to another.
161-300. "What is the difference between *[Term A]* and *[Term B]*?"
* Examples:
* What is the difference between accommodations and modifications?
* What is the difference between a 504 and an IEP?
* What is the difference between growth mindset and fixed mindset?
* What is the difference between summative and formative assessment?
* What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous?
#### *Template B: Strategy Questions (The "How to" Queries)*
301-500. "How to implement *[Term]* in the classroom?"
* Examples:
* How to implement Project-Based Learning?
* How to implement Scaffolding strategies?
* How to use Bloom's Taxonomy in lesson planning?
* How to use UDL in a high school classroom?
#### *Template C: Benefit/Definition Questions*
501-750. "What are the benefits of *[Term]?" / "Define *[Term]**."
* Examples:
* What are the benefits of Makerspaces?
* What are the benefits of Social-Emotional Learning?
* What are the benefits of inclusion?
* What is the definition of rigorous curriculum?
#### *Template D: Role-Specific Questions*
751-1000. "What does a *[Job Title]* do?"
* Examples:
* What does a Special Education teacher do?
* What does a School Psychologist do?
* What does an Instructional Coach do?
* What does a Reading Specialist do?
