Handbook For Educational Terminology

# *Table of Contents*

*Handbook for Educational Terminology*

By Lalit Mohan Shukla

### *Preface*

### *How to Use This Handbook*

### *Abbreviations Used*

## *Section I: Foundations of Education*

1. *Education: Concept, Meaning & Scope*

2. *Aims and Functions of Education*

3. *Philosophical Bases of Education*

4. *Sociological Foundations of Education*

5. *Psychological Foundations of Education*

6. *Historical Perspectives on Education*

## *Section II: Educational Psychology Terminology*

7. *Learning: Theories, Principles & Processes*

8. *Motivation, Interest, and Attention*

9. *Memory, Forgetting & Retention*

10. *Intelligence, Aptitude & Creativity*

11. *Personality, Attitudes & Emotions*

12. *Developmental Stages: Cognitive, Moral & Social Growth*

## *Section III: Curriculum & Pedagogy Terminology*

13. *Curriculum: Meaning, Types & Development*

14. *Instructional Objectives & Learning Outcomes*

15. *Teaching–Learning Strategies*

16. *Pedagogical Approaches (Constructivism, Experiential Learning, etc.)*

17. *Lesson Planning & Instructional Design*

18. *Classroom Management Terminology*

## *Section IV: Educational Evaluation & Assessment*

19. *Assessment: Concepts and Types*

20. *Tests, Measurement & Evaluation*

21. *Standardized Tests & Norms*

22. *Formative, Summative & Diagnostic Evaluation*

23. *Tools and Techniques of Assessment*

24. *Rubrics, Feedback & Learning Analytics*

## *Section V: Educational Administration & Management*

25. *Educational Leadership & Management Concepts*

26. *School Organization & Governance*

27. *Planning, Supervising & Decision Making*

28. *Quality Assurance in Education*

29. *Institutional Accreditation & Standards*

30. *Financial and Human Resource Management*

## *Section VI: Inclusive Education & Special Needs Terminology*

31. *Equity, Equality & Inclusivity*

32. *Special Education & Disability Terminology*

33. *Learning Disabilities & Behavioral Disorders*

34. *Inclusive Pedagogy & Differentiated Instruction*

35. *Policy Frameworks for Inclusive Education*

## *Section VII: Educational Technology Terminology*

36. *ICT in Education*

37. *E-Learning, Online Platforms & Virtual Classrooms*

38. *Digital Pedagogy & Smart Education Tools*

39. *AI, AR, VR & Gamification in Learning*

40. *Educational Data, MOOCs & Learning Management Systems*

## *Section VIII: Research in Education Terminology*

41. *Educational Research: Concepts & Types*

42. *Research Design & Methodologies*

43. *Sampling, Hypothesis & Data Collection Tools*

44. *Statistical Terms in Education Research*

45. *Reporting, Analysis & Interpretation*

## *Section IX: Policy, Planning & Global Educational Frameworks*

46. *National Education Policy (NEP) Terminology*

47. *International Educational Frameworks (UNESCO, SDGs)*

48. *Educational Reforms & Contemporary Issues*

49. *Governance Structures in School & Higher Education*

## *Section X: Glossaries & Reference Material*

50. *Glossary of Key Education Terms (A–Z)*

51. *Glossary of Abbreviations in Education*

52. *Subject-wise Terminology Quick Reference Charts*

53. *Index of Frequently Used Educational Terms*

### *Bibliography*

### Question Bank

A

1. *Achievement Gap*:

   The disparity in academic performance between groups of students, often defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and gender. This gap can be measured through standardized test scores, graduation rates, and other educational benchmarks.

2. *Active Learning*:

   A teaching method that engages students in the learning process directly through activities and/or discussion in class, as opposed to passively listening to an expert. It often involves group work, problem-solving, and hands-on activities.

3. *Adaptive Learning*:

   An educational method that uses technology and data to adjust the learning experience to the individual needs of each student. The system provides personalized resources and activities based on the learner's performance.

4. *Andragogy*:

   The method and practice of teaching adult learners, with an emphasis on the learner's experience and the practical application of knowledge. It contrasts with pedagogy, which is focused on teaching children.

5. *Assessment*:

   The process of evaluating a student's performance through various methods such as tests, quizzes, observations, and projects. Assessments can be formative (ongoing, to inform instruction) or summative (end of a period, to evaluate learning).

6. *Authentic Assessment*:

   A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. This contrasts with traditional tests that may focus more on rote memorization.

7. *Autodidact*:

   A self-taught person who acquires knowledge and skills through their own efforts, without formal instruction or attendance in a classroom setting. Autodidacts often utilize books, online resources, and experiential learning.

8. *Auxiliary Services*:

   Support services provided by schools to help ensure all students have the opportunity to succeed. These may include health services, counseling, transportation, and meal programs.

9. *Asynchronous Learning*:

   A learning environment where instruction and learning do not occur in the same place or at the same time. Examples include online courses where students can access materials and complete work on their own schedule.

10. *Accreditation*:

   A process by which educational institutions or programs are evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards. Accreditation ensures that schools provide quality education and are capable of achieving their stated objectives.

B 

Certainly! Here are some common educational terms starting with the letter 'B', along with their definitions.

📚 Educational Terms Starting with 'B'

• Behaviorism: A learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (interaction with the environment). It emphasizes the role of external stimuli and reinforcement in shaping learning.

• Benchmark: A specific standard or point of reference against which performance or achievement is measured. In education, benchmarks are often used to set goals and track student progress toward larger learning objectives or grade-level standards.

• Blended Learning: An educational approach that combines online digital media with traditional face-to-face classroom methods. It requires the presence of both teacher and student, with some elements of student control over time, place, path, or pace.

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• Bloom's Taxonomy: A classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition—thinking, learning, and understanding. The original taxonomy included six main categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The revised version uses verbs: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating.

• Brain-Based Learning: An instructional approach or philosophy that uses current neuroscience research about how the brain learns best to design effective teaching methods and curriculum. It focuses on concepts like emotions, movement, and repetition to enhance retention.

• Bricolage: In an educational or social context, this refers to the creation of something new or original from a diverse range of available resources or materials. It emphasizes resourcefulness and creative problem-solving by using what is at hand.

• Buddy System: A peer support structure where one student (or a pair of students) is teamed up with another, often a new or struggling student, to provide guidance, support, and help with integration or academics.

C

🎓 Educational Terms Starting with 'C'

• Curriculum: The totality of the content, lessons, and academic standards taught in a school or specific course. It is the planned sequence of instruction and the experiences students must undergo to meet educational objectives.

• Cognitive Domain: One of the three main categories (along with affective and psychomotor) in Bloom's Taxonomy that relates to mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge. It includes activities like remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating.

• Collaborative Learning: An instructional approach where students work together in small groups to complete a task, solve a problem, or reach a common learning goal. It emphasizes peer interaction and shared responsibility.

• Common Core State Standards (CCSS): A set of K-12 academic standards in mathematics and English language arts/literacy adopted by many US states. They detail what students should know and be able to do at the end of each grade level.

• Competency-Based Education (CBE): A learning model where students advance based on their demonstrated mastery of skills and knowledge, rather than on time spent in class (seat time). The focus is on outcomes or competencies.

• Comprehension: The ability to construct meaning from reading, listening, or viewing. It involves understanding and interpreting information, which is a key level in Bloom's Taxonomy.

• Constructivism: A major learning theory that posits that people actively construct their own knowledge and understanding of the world through experience and reflection upon those experiences.

• Critical Thinking: The process of analyzing information objectively and making a reasoned judgment. It involves evaluating sources, identifying biases, and forming logical conclusions.

### *1. Classroom Management*

The set of techniques, strategies, and practices teachers use to create an organized, productive, and respectful learning environment.

### *2. Cognitive Development*

The process by which learners acquire, organize, and use knowledge through thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and memory.

### *3. Curriculum*

A structured plan that outlines the subjects, content, learning experiences, and objectives to be taught within an educational program.

### *4. Constructivism*

An educational theory stating that learners build (construct) knowledge based on their experiences, prior understanding, and active engagement.

### *5. Competency-Based Education (CBE)*

A learning approach where progression is based on demonstrating mastery of specific skills or competencies rather than time spent in class.

### *6. Cooperative Learning*

An instructional method where students work in small groups to achieve common academic goals while supporting each other’s learning.

### *7. Critical Thinking*

The ability to analyze information objectively, evaluate arguments, and make reasoned decisions based on evidence.

### *8. Classroom Assessment*

Evaluation techniques used by teachers during instruction to measure student learning and provide immediate feedback.

### *9. Cultural Diversity*

The existence of varied cultural, ethnic, linguistic, or social backgrounds within a classroom or educational setting.

### *10. Curriculum Mapping*

A process of documenting, aligning, and organizing the content, skills, and assessments taught across grades or subjects to ensure coherence.

# *11. Cognitive Load*

The amount of mental effort required to process new information during learning.

### *12. Counselling in Education*

Professional guidance provided to help students address academic, emotional, behavioral, or career-related concerns.

### *13. Classroom Climate*

The overall atmosphere, emotional tone, and sense of belonging experienced by students within a classroom environment.

### *14. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE)*

A system of school-based assessment evaluating both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of student growth on a continuous basis.

### *15. Curriculum Transaction*

The process through which planned curriculum is delivered in the classroom through teaching-learning activities and assessments.

### *16. Child-Centered Education*

An approach where the needs, interests, abilities, and learning styles of the child guide the teaching-learning process.

### *17. Cognitive Skills*

Mental abilities such as perception, attention, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving essential for learning.

### *18. Creative Thinking*

The ability to generate new ideas, original solutions, and imaginative approaches to problems or tasks.

### *19. Classroom Observation*

A technique used to assess teaching practices and student behavior through structured or unstructured observation.

### *20. Career Education*

Educational programs and guidance designed to help students explore career options and develop skills for future employment.